|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 26, No. 2,
154-177 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0276146706290924
Normative Perspectives for Ethical and Socially Responsible Marketing
Gene R. Laczniak
College of Business Administration at Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1888; phone: (414) 288-7024; eugene.laczniak{at}marquette.edu
Patrick E. Murphy
Institute for Ethical Business Worldwide; Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; phone: (574) 631-6419; pmurphy1{at}nd.edu
This article presents a normative set of recommendations for elevating the practice of marketing ethics. The approach is grounded in seven essential perspectives involving multiple aspirational dimensions implicit in ethical marketing. More important, each basic perspective (BP), while singularly useful, is also integrated with the other observations as well as grounded in the extant ethics literature. This combination of BPs, adhering to the tenets of normative theory postulation, generates a connective, holistic approach that addresses some of the major factors marketing managers should consider if they desire to conduct their marketing campaigns with the highest levels of ethics and social responsibility.
Key Words: marketing ethics ethical marketing normative marketing theory marketing norms and values socially responsible marketing
References
- Aaker, David 2005. Strategic market management. 7th ed. New York: John Wiley.
- Academy of Marketing Science. 2005. Membership roster. Miami, FL: Academy of Marketing Science.
- Adler, Roy D., Larry M. Robinson, and Jan E. Carlson. 1981. Marketing and society: Cases and commentaries. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Alderson, Wroe. 1964. Ethics, ideologies and sanctions. Reporting of the Committee on Ethical Standards and Practice, American Marketing Association, Chicago.
- Alford, Helen, O. P., and Michael Naughton. 2001. Managing as if faith mattered. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame.
- American Marketing Association updates association's code of ethics. 2004. Marketing News, September 1, 42-42, 40-40.
- Anderson, Paul F. 1982. Marketing, strategic planning and the theory of the firm. Journal of Marketing 46 (Spring): 15-26.
- Arnett, Dennis B., and Shelby D. Hunt. 2002. Competitive irrationality: The influence of moral philosophy. Business Ethics Quarterly 12 (3): 279-303.
- Arrington, Robert L. 1982. Advertising and behavioral control. Journal of Business Ethics 1 (February): 3-12.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Arrow, Kenneth. 1973. Social responsibility and economic efficiency. Public Policy 21:303-317.
- Badaracco, Joseph L. 2004. Leadership and corporate accountability. Course syllabus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.
- Bagozzi, Richard P. 1975. Marketing as exchange. Journal of Marketing 39 (4): 32-39.
- Bartels, Robert. 1967. A model for ethics in marketing. Journal of Marketing 31 (1): 20-26.
- Bishop, John Douglas. 2000. A framework for discussing normative theories of business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (3): 563-591.
- Boatright, John. 1995. Cases in ethics and the conduct of business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Bowie, Norman E. 1999. Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Boylan, Michael. 2000. Business ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Brady, Diane. 2000. Why service stinks. In Marketing, 24th ed. (annual editions), edited by J. E. Richardson, 44-49. Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill/ Dushkin.
- Brenkert, George G. 1997. Marketing trust: Barriers and bridges. Business and Professional Ethics Journal 16 (1-3): 77-98.
- Brenkert, George G. 1998. Marketing to inner-city Blacks: Powermaster and moral responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly 8 (1): 1-18.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Buzzell, Robert D. 1999. Introduction: Market functions and market evolution. Journal of Marketing 63 (Special Issue): 61-63.
- Byrne, John A. 2002. Fall from grace. Business Week, August 12, 50-56.
- Camenish, Paul. 1998. A Presbyterian approach to business ethics. In Perspectives in business ethics, edited by L. P. Hartman, 229-238. Chicago: Irwin.
- Carr, Albert. 1968. Is business bluffing ethical. Harvard Business Review 46 (1): 143-152.
- Carroll, A. B. 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, July 1, 39-48.
- Carroll, A. B. 1995. Stakeholder thinking in three models of management morality: A perspective with strategic implications. In Understanding stake-holder thinking, edited by Juha Nasi, 47-74. Helsinki, Finland: LSR Publications.
- Carroll, A. B., and Ann K. Buchholtz. 2003. Business & society: Ethics and stakeholder management, 5th ed. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
- Catechism of the Catholic Church. 1994. Chicago: Loyola University Press.
- Caux Round Table. 1992. The Caux principles. http://www.cauxroundtable.org/principles.html (accessed December 14, 2005).
- CERES. 1989. The CERES principles. http://www.ceres.org/our_work/principles.htm (accessed January 8, 2005).
- Chang, J. 2004. Private property. Sales and Marketing Management, December, 12-26.
- Clarkson, Max B. E., ed. 1998. The corporation and its stakeholders: Classic and contemporary readings. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Cochran, Philip L., and Robert A. Wood. 1984. Corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Academy of Management Journal 27 (1): 42-56.
- Cohen, Dorothy. 1995. Legal issues in marketing decision making. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western.
- Davidson, Kirk. 2003. Selling sin: The marketing of socially unacceptable products. 2nd ed. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
- Davis, Keith, William C. Frederick, and Robert L. Blomstrom. 1980. Business and society: Concepts and policy issues. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Day, George S. 1986. Analysis for strategic market decision. St. Paul, MN: West.
- Day, George S., and David B. Montgomery. 1999. Charting new directions for marketing. Journal of Marketing 63 (Special Issue): 3-13.
- DeGeorge, Richard T. 2006. Business ethics. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Deshpande, Rohit. 1999. Introduction: "Foreseeing" marketing. Journal of Marketing 63 (Special Issue): 164-167.
- Donaldson, Thomas, and Thomas Dunfee. 1999. Ties that bind: A social contracts approach to business ethics. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
- Donaldson, Thomas, and L. E. Preston. 1995. The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence and implications. Academy of Management Review 20 (1): 65-91.[CrossRef]
- Drucker, Peter F. 1954. The practice of management. New York: Harper & Row.
- Drucker, Peter F. 1974. Management: Tasks, responsibilities, practices. New York: Harper & Row.
- Drumwright, Minette E., and Patrick E. Murphy. 2004. How advertising practitioners view ethics: Moral muteness, moral myopia and moral imagination. Journal of Advertising 33 (2): 7-24.
- Dunfee, Thomas W., Craig N. Smith, and William T. Ross Jr. 1999. Social contracts and marketing ethics. Journal of Marketing 63 (2): 14-32.
- Elias, Jaan, and Gregory J. Dees. 1997. The normative foundations of business. In Business fundamentals: As taught at the Harvard Business School, edited by J. L. Badaracco, 3-21. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.
- Ferrell, O. C., John Fraedrich, and Linda Ferrell. 2005. Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Ferrell, O. C., and Larry G. Gresham. 1985. A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Marketing 49 (3): 87-96.[CrossRef]
- Ferrell, O. C., Larry G. Gresham, and John Fraedrich. 1989. A synthesis of ethical decision models for marketing. Journal of Macromarketing 9 (Fall): 55-64.[Free Full Text]
- Fishman, Charles. 2003. The Wal-Mart you don't know: Why low prices have a high cost. Fast Company, December, 68-80.
- Freeman, R. Edward. 1984. Strategic management. Marshfield, MA: Pitman.
- Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Friedman, Milton. 1970. The social responsibility of management is to increase profits. New York Times Magazine, September 13, 32+-32+.
- Garrett, Thomas. 1966. Business ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Garten, Jeffery E. 2002. Improving business education. In The politics of fortune, 173-181. Boston: Harvard University Press.
- George, Bill. 2003. Authentic leadership: Rediscovering the secrets to creating lasting value. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Goodpaster, Kenneth. 1991. Business ethics and stakeholder analysis. Business Ethics Quarterly 1 (1): 53-73.
- Gordon, J. R. 2002. Legal services and the digital divide. Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology 12:809-819.
- Grow, B. 2005. The great rebate runaround. Business Weekly, December, 34-37.
- Halbert, Terry, and Elaine Ingulli. 1997. Law & ethics in the business environment. 2nd ed. St. Paul, MN: West.
- Hill, Ronald Paul, and Bahram Adrangi. 1999. Global poverty and the United Nations. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 18 (2): 135-146.
- Hosmer, LaRue Tone. 1994. Moral leadership in business. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin.
- Hunt, Shelby D. 1976. The nature and scope of marketing. Journal of Marketing 40 (3): 17-28.
- Hunt, Shelby, and Robert M. Morgan. 1995. The comparative advantage theory of competition. Journal of Marketing 59 (2): 1-15.
- Hunt, Shelby D., and Scott J. Vitell. 1986. A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing 6 (Spring): 6-15.
- Jacobson, Michael F., and Laurie Ann Mazur. 1995. Marketing madness. Boulder, CO: Westview.
- James, Harvey S., Jr. 2000. Reinforcing ethical decision making through organizational structure. Journal of Business Ethics 28 (1): 43-58.
- Jennings, Marianne M. 2003. Recognizing ethical dilemmas: The language. In From business: Its legal, ethical and global environment, edited by M. M. Jennings, 6th ed., 52-59. Cincinnati, Ohio: Southwestern.
- Jennings, Marianne M. 2006. The regulatory life cycle. In Business ethics, edited by M. M. Jennings, 370-372. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Johnson, Homer. 2003. Does it pay to be good? Social responsibility and financial performance. Business Horizons 46 (6): 34-34.[CrossRef]
- Kaikati, Jack G., and Wayne A. Label. 1980. American bribery legislation: An obstacle to international marketing. Journal of Marketing 44 (4): 38-43.
- Kant, Immanuel. 1785/1981. Grounding for the metaphysic of morals. Repr. Indianapolis, IN: Hacket.
- Karpatkin, Rhoda H. 1999. Toward a fair and just marketplace for all consumers: The responsibilities of marketing professionals. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 18 (1): 118-129.
- Keith, Robert J. 1960. The marketing revolution. Journal of Marketing 24 (3): 35-38.
- Kohlberg, Lawrence. 1969. Stage and sequence: The cognitive developmental approach to socialization. In Handbook of socialization theory and research, edited by D. A. Goslin, 347-480. Chicago: Rand McNally.
- Kotler, Philip. 1972. Marketing management. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Kotler, Philip, and Gary Armstrong. 2003. Principles of marketing, 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Lacko, James M., Signe-Mary McKernan, and Manoj Hastak. 2002. Customer experience with rent to own transactions. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 21 (1): 126-138.
- Laczniak, Gene R. 1983. Frameworks for analyzing marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing 3 (1): 7-18.[Abstract]
- Laczniak, Gene R. 1999. Distributive justice, Catholic social teaching and the moral responsibility of marketers. Journal of Public Policy Marketing 18 (1): 125-129.
- Laczniak, Gene R., Marvin Berkowitz, Russell G. Brooker, and James P. Hale. 1995. The ethics of business: Improving or deteriorating? Business Horizons 38 (1): 39-47.
- Laczniak, Gene R., and Patrick E. Murphy. 1985. Marketing ethics: Guidelines for managers. Lexington, MA: D C. Health.
- Laczniak, Gene R., and Patrick E. Murphy. 1993. Ethical marketing decisions: The higher road. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- Laczniak, Gene R., and Russ Roberson. 1999. Curbing corporate crime: Managerial and ethical implications of the federal sentencing guidelines for organizations. Research in Marketing 15:49-67.
- Lans-Retsky, Maxine 2004. COPPA sets tone for privacy policies. Marketing News, March 15, 8-8.
- Lawton, C. 2003. Miller, Coors still bet sex sells beer. Wall Street Journal, B3-B3.
- Lazer, William, and Eugene J. Kelley. 1973. Social marketing: Perspectives and viewpoints. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
- LeClair, Debbie Thorne, O. C. Ferrell, and John P. Fraedrich. 1998. Integrity management: A guide to managing legal and ethical issues in the workplace. Tampa, FL: O'Collins Corporation.
- Leiber, Laurie. 1997. Should the government restrict advertising of alcoholic beverages?Priorities for long life. Good Health 9 (3).
- Levitt, Theodore. 1960. Marketing myopia. Harvard Business Review 38(4): 45-56.
- Levitt, Theodore. 1975. Marketing myopia 1975: Retrospective commentary. Harvard Business Review 53 (September/October): 26-48.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After virtue. 2nd ed. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Marcoux, Alexi M. 2003. A fiduciary argument against stakeholder theory. Business Ethics Quarterly 13 (1): 1-24.
- Maremont, Mark. 1996. Abuse of power. Business Week, May 13, 86-98.
- Martin, T. R. 1985. Ethics in marketing: Problems and prospects. In Marketing ethics: Guidelines for managers, edited by G. R. Laczniak and P. E. Murphy, 1-8. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
- Mascarenhas, Oswald A. J. 1995. Exonerating unethical marketing executive behaviors: A diagnostic framework. Journal of Marketing 59:43-57.
- McKitterick, J. B. 1957. What is the marketing management concept? In Frontiers of marketing thought and science, edited by Frank Bass, 71-81. Chicago: American Marketing Association.
- McWilliams, Abagail, and Donald Siegal. 2001. Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. The Academy of Management Review 26 (1): 117-128.
- Mitchell, R. K., B. R. Agle, and Donna J. Wood. 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review 22 (4): 853-886.[CrossRef]
- Moberg, Dennis J., and Mark A. Seabright. 2000. The development of moral imagination. Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (4): 845-884.
- Morgan, Fred W. 1989. The evolution of punitive damages in product liability: Litigation for unprincipled marketing behavior. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 8:279-293.
- Murphy, Patrick E. 1989. Creating ethical corporate structures. Sloan Management Review 30 (2): 81-87.
- Murphy, Patrick E. 1998. Eighty exemplary ethics statements. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Murphy, Patrick E. Forthcoming. Sustainable marketing. Business and Professional Ethics Journal.
- Murphy, Patrick E., and Gene R. Laczniak. 2006. Marketing ethics: Readings and cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Murphy, Patrick E., Gene R. Laczniak, Norman E. Bowie, and Thomas A. Klein. 2005. Ethical marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
- Murphy, Patrick E., and William Wilkie, eds. 1990. Marketing and advertising regulation: The Federal Trade Commission in the 1990s. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Novak, Michael. 1996. Business as a calling. New York: Free Press.
- Nunes, Paul F., Brian A. Johnson, and Timothy S. Breene. 2004. Selling to the moneyed masses. Harvard Business Review 82 (718): 94-104.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- O'sullivan, Paul, and Patrick E. Murphy. 1998. Ambush marketing: The ethical issues. Psychology and Marketing 15 (4): 349-366.[CrossRef]
- Oswald, Lynda J. 2002. The law of marketing. Cincinnati, OH: West Thomson Learning.
- Ottman, Jacquelyn A. 1993. Green marketing: Challenges & opportunities for the new marketing age. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books.
- Ottoson, Gerald E. 1982. Essentials of an ethical corporate climate. In Doing ethics in business: New ventures in management development, edited by Donald G. Joes, 155-163. Cambridge, MA: Oelgoschlager, Gann & Hain.
- Paine, Lynn Sharp. 2003. Value shift. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Palmer, Todd Starr, Mary Beth Pinto, and Diane H. Parente. 2001. College students' credit card debt and the role of parental involvement: Implications for public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 20 (1): 105-113.[CrossRef]
- Pastin, Mark. 1986. The hard problems of management: Gaining the ethics edge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Patterson, James M. 1966. What are the social and ethical responsibilities of marketing executives? Journal of Marketing 30 (3): 12-15.
- Pava, Moses L. 1998. Developing a religiously grounded business ethics: A Jewish perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly 8:63-85.
- Pennino, Clare M. 2002. Is decision style related to moral development among managers in the U.S.? Journal of Business Ethics 41:337-347.[CrossRef]
- Perreault, William, Jr., and E. Jerome McCarthy. 2000. Essentials of marketing: A global managerial approach. 8th ed. Boston: Irwin.
- Peterson, Robert A., and O. C. Ferrell, eds. 2005. Business ethics: New challenges for business schools and corporate leaders. New York: M. E. Sharpe..
- Phillips, Michael J. 1997. Ethics and manipulation in advertising: Announcing a flawed indictment. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
- Prahalad, C. K. 2005. The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing.
- Preston, Ivan. 1994. The tangled web they weave: Truth falsity & advertiser. Madison: The University of Wiscons in Press.
- Preston, Lee E., ed. 1968. Social issues in marketing. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
- PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2003. Understanding the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Business Week 3826 (March 31): 23-26.
- Rawls, John. 1971. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Reidenbach, R. Eric, and Donald P. Robin. 1990. Toward the development of multidimensional scale of improving evaluation of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 9 (8): 639-653.[CrossRef]
- Rice, Gillian. 1999. Islamic ethics and the implications for business. Journal of Business Ethics 18:345-358.[CrossRef]
- Robin, Donald P., and Eric R. Reidenbach. 1987. Social responsibility, ethics and marketing strategy: Closing the gap between concept and application. Journal of Marketing 51 (1): 44-58.
- Rotzell, Kim B., James E. Haefner, and Charles Sandage. 1990. Advertising in contemporary society. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western.
- Scheraga, Carl, and John E. Calfee. 1996. The industry effects of information and regulation in the cigarette market: 1950-1965. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 15 (2): 216-226.
- Schlegelmilch, Bodo. 1998. Marketing ethics: An international perspective. Boston: International Thomson Business Press.
- Smith, Adam. 1776/1976. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Repr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Smith, N. Craig. 1990. Morality and the market: Consumer pressure for corporate accountability. New York: Routledge.
- Smith, N. Craig. 1993. Ethics and the marketing manager. In Ethics in marketing, edited by N. C. Smith and J. A. Quelch, 3-34. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
- Smith, N. Craig. 1995. Marketing strategies for the ethics era. Sloan Management Review 36 (Summer): 85-97.
- Smith, N. Craig, and John A. Quelch. 1993. Ethics in marketing. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
- Sprott, David E., and Anthony D. Miyazaki. 2002. Two decades of contributions to marketing and public policy: An analysis of research. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 21:105-125.
- Srnka, Katharina J. 1999. An empirically-based, integrative framework of corporate moral development. Research in Marketing 15:101-137.
- Steiner, George. 1975. Business and society. 2nd ed. New York: Random House.
- Stern, Louis W., and Thomas L. Eovaldi. 1984. Legal aspects of marketing strategy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Thompson, Maria Markham. 2004. Socially responsible investing has become a mainstream practice. The Chronicle of Higher Education 50 (38): B.24-B.24.
- Toffler, Barbara Lee, and Jennifer Reingold. 2003. Final accounting: Ambition, greed and the fall of Arthur Anderson. New York: Broadway Books.
- Vargo, Stephen L., and Robert F. Lusch. 2004. Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing 68 (1): 1-17.
- Vence, Debrah L. 2002. Latest antispam bills could delay law. Marketing News, June 9, 6-6.
- Walton, C. C. 1961. Ethical theory, social expectations and marketing practices. In The social responsibilities of marketing, edited by William D. Stevens, 8-24. Chicago: American Marketing Association.
- Wasik, John F. 1996. Green marketing and management. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
- Webster, Frederick E., Jr. 1974. Social aspects of marketing. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Welch, Joe L. 1980. Marketing law. Tulsa, OK: Division of Petroleum Publishing Co.
- Werhane, Patricia H. 1999. Moral imagination and management decision making. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Westing, J. Howard. 1967. Some thoughts on the nature of ethics in marketing. In Changing marketing systems, edited by Reed Moyer, 161-163. Chicago: American Marketing Association.
- Wilkie, William L., and Elizabeth S. Moore. 2003. Scholarly research in marketing: Exploring the "4 eras" of thought development. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 22 (2): 116-146.[CrossRef]
- Williams, Oliver F., and Patrick E. Murphy. 1990. The ethics of virtue: A moral theory for marketing. Journal of Macromarketing 10 (1): 19-29.[Abstract]

CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us Digg Reddit Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. J. Polonsky and S. L. Grau
Evaluating the Social Value of Charitable Organizations: A Conceptual Foundation
Journal of Macromarketing,
June 1, 2008;
28(2):
130 - 140.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
G. R. Laczniak and P. E. Murphy
Distributive Justice: Pressing Questions, Emerging Directions, and the Promise of Rawlsian Analysis
Journal of Macromarketing,
March 1, 2008;
28(1):
5 - 11.
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. Kambewa, P. Ingenbleek, and A. van Tilburg
Improving Income Positions of Primary Producers in International Marketing Channels: The Lake Victoria--EU Nile Perch Case
Journal of Macromarketing,
March 1, 2008;
28(1):
53 - 67.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
O.C. Ferrell and L. Ferrell
A Macromarketing Ethics Framework: Stakeholder Orientation and Distributive Justice
Journal of Macromarketing,
March 1, 2008;
28(1):
24 - 32.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. Crul and G. M. Zinkhan
A Theory of the Firm Perspective on Marketing and Distributive Justice
Journal of Macromarketing,
March 1, 2008;
28(1):
12 - 23.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|
|